4,483 research outputs found
Characteristics of events with metric-to-decahectometric type II radio bursts associated with CMEs and flares in relation to SEP events
A gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) event is thought to happen when
particles are accelerated at a shock due to a fast coronal mass ejection (CME).
To quantify what kind of solar eruptions can result in such SEP events, we have
conducted detailed investigations on the characteristics of CMEs, solar flares
and m-to-DH wavelength type II radio bursts (herein after m-to-DH type II
bursts) for SEP-associated and non-SEP-associated events, observed during the
period of 1997-2012. Interestingly, 65% of m-to-DH type II bursts associated
with CMEs and flares produced SEP events. The SEP-associated CMEs have higher
sky-plane mean speed, projection corrected speed, and sky-plane peak speed than
those of non-SEP-associated CMEs respectively by 30%, 39%, and 25%, even though
the two sets of CMEs achieved their sky-plane peak speeds at nearly similar
heights within LASCO field of view. We found Pearson's correlation coefficients
between the speeds of CMEs speeds and logarithmic peak intensity of SEP events
are cc = 0.62 and cc = 0.58, respectively. We also found that the
SEP-associated CMEs are on average of three times more decelerated (-21.52
m/s2) than the non-SEP-associated CMEs (-5.63 m/s2). The SEP-associated m type
II bursts have higher frequency drift rate and associated shock speed than
those of the non-SEP-associated events by 70% and 25% respectively. The average
formation heights of m and DH type II radio bursts for SEP-associated events
are lower than for non-SEP-associated events. 93% of SEP-associated events
originate from the western hemisphere and 65% of SEP-associated events are
associated with interacting CMEs. The obtained results indicate that, at least
for the set of CMEs associated with m-to-DH type II bursts, SEP-associated CMEs
are more energetic than those not associated with SEPs, thus suggesting that
they are effective particle accelerators.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication by ApS
Alveolar macrophages and Toll-like receptor 4 mediate ventilated lung ischemia reperfusion injury in mice.
BackgroundIschemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury is a sterile inflammatory process that is commonly associated with diverse clinical situations such as hemorrhage followed by resuscitation, transient embolic events, and organ transplantation. I-R injury can induce lung dysfunction whether the I-R occurs in the lung or in a remote organ. Recently, evidence has emerged that receptors and pathways of the innate immune system are involved in recognizing sterile inflammation and overlap considerably with those involved in the recognition of and response to pathogens.MethodsThe authors used a mouse surgical model of transient unilateral left pulmonary artery occlusion without bronchial involvement to create ventilated lung I-R injury. In addition, they mimicked nutritional I-R injury in vitro by transiently depriving cells of all nutrients.ResultsCompared with sham-operated mice, mice subjected to ventilated lung I-R injury had up-regulated lung expression of inflammatory mediator messenger RNA for interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-1 and -2, paralleled by histologic evidence of lung neutrophil recruitment and increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and high-mobility group protein B1 proteins. This inflammatory response to I-R required toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). In addition, the authors demonstrated in vitro cooperativity and cross-talk between human macrophages and endothelial cells, resulting in augmented inflammatory responses to I-R. Remarkably, the authors found that selective depletion of alveolar macrophages rendered mice resistant to ventilated lung I-R injury.ConclusionsThe data reveal that alveolar macrophages and the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor-4 are involved in the generation of the early inflammatory response to lung I-R injury
Pulsar Kicks With Modified URCA and Electrons in Landau Levels
We derive the energy asymmetry given the proto-neutron star during the time
when the neutrino sphere is near the surface of the proto-neutron star, using
the modified URCA process. The electrons produced with the anti-neutrinos are
in Landau levels due to the strong magnetic field, and this leads to asymmetry
in the neutrino momentum, and a pulsar kick. The magnetic field must be strong
enough for a large fraction of the eletrons to be in the lowest Landau level,
however, there is no direct dependence of our pulsar velocity on the strength
of the magnetic field. Our main prediction is that the large pulsar kicks start
at about 10 s and last for about 10 s, with the corresponding neutrinos
correlated in the direction of the magnetic field. We predict a pulsar velocity
of 1.03 km/s, which reaches 1000 km/s if T
K.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Effect of Muons on the Phase Transition in Magnetised Proto-Neutron Star Matter
We study the effect of inclusion of muons and the muon neutrinos on the phase
transition from nuclear to quark matter in a magnetised proto-neutron star and
compare our results with those obtained by us without the muons. We find that
the inclusion of muons changes slightly the nuclear density at which transition
occurs.However the dependence of this transition density on various chemical
potentials, temperature and the magnetic field remains quantitatively the same.Comment: LaTex2e file with four postscript figure
Dynamics of scalar dissipation in isotropic turbulence: a numerical and modelling study
The physical mechanisms underlying the dynamics of the dissipation of passive scalar fluctuations with a uniform mean gradient in stationary isotropic turbulence are studied using data from direct numerical simulations (DNS), at grid resolutions up to 5123. The ensemble-averaged Taylor-scale Reynolds number is up to about 240 and the Schmidt number is from â…› to 1. Special attention is given to statistics conditioned upon the energy dissipation rate because of their important role in the Lagrangian spectral relaxation (LSR) model of turbulent mixing. In general, the dominant physical processes are those of nonlinear amplification by strain rate fluctuations, and destruction by molecular diffusivity. Scalar dissipation tends to form elongated structures in space, with only a limited overlap with zones of intense energy dissipation. Scalar gradient fluctuations are preferentially aligned with the direction of most compressive strain rate, especially in regions of high energy dissipation. Both the nature of this alignment and the timescale of the resulting scalar gradient amplification appear to be nearly universal in regard to Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. Most of the terms appearing in the budget equation for conditional scalar dissipation show neutral behaviour at low energy dissipation but increased magnitudes at high energy dissipation. Although homogeneity requires that transport terms have a zero unconditional average, conditional molecular transport is found to be significant, especially at lower Reynolds or Schmidt numbers within the simulation data range. The physical insights obtained from DNS are used for a priori testing and development of the LSR model. In particular, based on the DNS data, improved functional forms are introduced for several model coefficients which were previously taken as constants. Similar improvements including new closure schemes for specific terms are also achieved for the modelling of conditional scalar variance
Explicit MBR All-Symbol Locality Codes
Node failures are inevitable in distributed storage systems (DSS). To enable
efficient repair when faced with such failures, two main techniques are known:
Regenerating codes, i.e., codes that minimize the total repair bandwidth; and
codes with locality, which minimize the number of nodes participating in the
repair process. This paper focuses on regenerating codes with locality, using
pre-coding based on Gabidulin codes, and presents constructions that utilize
minimum bandwidth regenerating (MBR) local codes. The constructions achieve
maximum resilience (i.e., optimal minimum distance) and have maximum capacity
(i.e., maximum rate). Finally, the same pre-coding mechanism can be combined
with a subclass of fractional-repetition codes to enable maximum resilience and
repair-by-transfer simultaneously
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